Popliteal Aneurysm

Definition

A popliteal aneurysm is bulging and weakness in the wall of the popliteal artery, which supplies blood to the knee joint, thigh and calf. A popliteal aneurysm can burst, which may cause life-threatening uncontrolled bleeding. The aneurysm may also cause a blood clot, potentially causing amputation of the affected leg.

Causes

The exact cause of popliteal aneurysms is not known, though atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of fatty substances, plaque and other elements) is believed to play a key role. Trauma to the artery may also cause a popliteal aneurysm.

Risk

• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Bacterial infection
• Blood-vessel reconstruction occurring in one or both of the legs

Symptoms

Many popliteal aneurysms have no symptoms. Common symptoms include:

• Pain behind the knee
• An edema (collection of watery fluid) in the lower leg
• Foot pain
• Ulcers on the skin of the feet that don't heal

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound Imaging: Sound waves are used to measure blood flow in the aortic artery and determine whether there is an aneurysm.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan: X-ray views of the aortic artery are taken to determine if there are any aneurysms.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Radio waves and magnetic fields are used to show areas where an aneurysm may be present.
• Angiography: A dye is inserted into the arteries through a catheter, then an X-ray is taken to show how blood flows through the arteries and whether any aneurysms are present. UVA's angiography/interventional radiology suites are equipped with technology that allows for 3-D images of aneurysms to help determine the best plan of treatment.

Treatment

Surgery is generally required. A surgeon will typically create a bypass around the area of the artery where the aneurysm is located. Carefully controlling high blood pressure — with medication, if necessary — is also an important part of treatment.