Anal cancer is cancer of the anus. This is the canal at the end of the large intestine, below the rectum. The anal sphincter is a muscular ring that controls and allows for bowel movements.
There is evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to many anal cancers. However, most people who have been infected with HPV do not get anal cancer.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase your risk of anal cancer include:
- HPV infection
- Receptive anal intercourse
- Multiple sexual partners
- HIV infection
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- Smoking
- Cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer
Symptoms
Some anal cancers do not have symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Anal bleeding with and without a bowel movement
- Pain or pressure around the anus
- Itching or discharge from the anus
- A lump near the anus
- Change in bowel habits
- Thinning in the width of the stool
Diagnosis
The rectum and anus may need to be examined. This can be done with:
- Anoscopy
- Proctoscopy
Your bodily fluids and tissues may be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Biopsy
Images may be taken of your body structures. These may include:
- Endoscopy
- Transrectal ultrasound
- X-ray
- CT scan
- Combined PET/CT scan
- MRI scan
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation Therapy
- Surgery
- Local Resection
- Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)
Prevention
You may be able to reduce your risk of anal cancer by reducing your exposure to HIV and HPV. There is a vaccine available that protects against four types of HPV.
Content was created using EBSCO’s Health Library. Edits to original content made by Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
